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Friday, July 29, 2022

Complete and Updated List of Ramsar sites in India (Updated)

18:11

What is the Ramsar site?

The Ramsar Site is a wetland site that is designated to be of international importance under the Ramsar convention. This convention is also known as the convention of wetlands. It is intergovernmental environmental pretty established in 1971 by UNESCO and was first in 1975. It provides conservation of wetlands and sustainable use of resources. In 2022 there are 2437 Ramzan sites around the world and 54 of them are situated in India.

In 2022 Bakhira wildlife sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh and Khijadiya wildlife sanctuary in Gujarat were included as Ramsar sites on the occasion of World wetland day held at Sultanpur National Park Haryana which is also a Ramsar site. There are 54 Ramsar sites in India from which the first Ramsar site was Chilika Lake in Orissa and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan. The Renuka wetland in Himachal Pradesh is the smallest Ramsar Wetland site in India. The maximum number of Ramsar sites are found in Uttar Pradesh in India.
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Daily Current Affairs, 29th July 2022

18:06

 


1)  International Tiger Day 2022 observed globally on 29 July

•International Tiger Day is observed globally on 29th July every year. The day is celebrated to raise awareness among individuals, organisations, and governments about the importance of the conservation of tigers. This day aims to encourage all to take appropriate action to save the wild cats. As per World Wildlife Fund, approximately 95 per cent of the population of tigers has declined in the last 150 years.


International Tiger Day 2022: Theme


•This year’s theme for International Tiger Day 2022 is “India launches Project Tiger to revive the tiger population”. They support initiatives that collaborate with regional people to safeguard tigers and also take strong action against poaching and illegal trade.


2)  World Nature Conservation Day 2022 celebrates globally

•World Nature Conservation Day is observed on July 28 every year. The objective is to spread awareness regarding the preservation of nature and biodiversity for a healthy environment which is required for stable and prospering humankind. It is also marked as the day to create positive opinions about climate change. World Nature Conservation Day acknowledges that a healthy environment is a foundation for a stable and healthy society.


World Nature Conservation Day 2022: Theme


•This year World Nature Conservation Day will be celebrated under the theme “Cut Down on Plastic.”


3)  India Received Highest Annual FDI Inflows Of USD 84.8 billion In FY 21-22

•India received the highest annual Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows of almost $85 billion in FY 21-22. India is rapidly emerging as a preferred country for FDI in the manufacturing sector. FDI Equity inflow in Manufacturing Sectors have increased by 76% in FY 2021-22 ($ 21.34 billion) compared to previous FY 2020-21.


4)  Talgo and Bharat Forge inks a contract for the production of trains

•A joint venture to produce high-speed passenger trains has been established by BF Infrastructure Ltd., a fully owned subsidiary of Bharat Forge Ltd., and Talgo India Pvt Ltd., a fully owned subsidiary of Spanish manufacturer Patentes Talgo S.L. The cooperation will take advantage of forthcoming local requirements in the field as well as new economic prospects in the railways sector.


5)  UAE, France, and India conduct discussions for maritime security

•The focal points for India, France, and the United Arab Emirates met in trilateral fashion. Maritime Security, Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief, Blue Economy, Regional Connectivity, Cooperation in Multilateral Fora, Energy and Food Security, Innovation and Startups, Supply Chain Resilience, and Cultural and People-to-People Cooperation were some of the potential areas of trilateral cooperation that the three sides discussed.


6)  ISRO generated $279 million in foreign currency through satellite launches

•Dr. Jitendra Singh, India’s Minister of State for Science and Technology, said in front of the parliament that the launch of foreign satellites by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) brought in $279 million in foreign currency. Antrix, the commercial arm of ISRO, made this money by launching 345 foreign satellites from 34 different nations. 56 million of these gains were paid out in dollars, while 223 million were paid out in euros (220 million Euros). There are 2,226 crore rupees in the total.


7)  INS Vikrant: Navy receives India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier

•The indigenous aircraft carrier Vikrant, which was created by the Navy’s own Directorate of Naval Design and will likely be commissioned on Independence Day, was delivered to the Navy by the Cochin Shipyard. It bears the name of the Indian Naval Ship (INS) Vikrant, India’s first aircraft carrier, which was an important participant in the war of 1971. The 262-meter-long carrier is significantly larger and more modern than her predecessor, with a full displacement of around 45,000 tonnes. The aircraft carrier has a top speed of 28 knots and is propelled by four gas turbines with a combined 88 MW of power.


8)  Tamil Nadu govt rolls out ‘Chief Minister’s Breakfast Scheme’

•Tamil Nadu government has issued an order to implement the first phase of the Chief Minister’s Breakfast Scheme at 1,545 government primary schools for the benefit of over 1.14 lakh children in Classes I-V during 2022-23. The cost would be Rs. 33.56 crores. Breakfast consisting of a meal with sambar and vegetables will be provided to children in all working schools.


9)  Egypt signs $8 billion agreement with India for Suez Canal Economic Zone

•Egypt and an Indian company have signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to construct a green hydrogen factory in the Suez Canal Economic Zone, according to a cabinet announcement. The MoU states that Indian ReNew Power Private Limited (RENE.BO) will invest $8 billion to construct a facility that will create 20,000 tonnes of green hydrogen annually.


10)  Boris Johnson gives Churchill Leadership Award to Ukraine’s Zelenskyy

•British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson has presented Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy with the Sir Winston Churchill Leadership Award, drawing comparisons between the two leaders in times of crisis. Zelenskyy accepted the award by video link during a ceremony at Johnson’s London office that was attended by members of the Churchill family, Ukrainian Ambassador Vadym Prystaiko and Ukrainians who have received training from British soldiers.


•The Ukrainian leader received a standing ovation in the British Parliament in March when he invoked one of Churchill’s most famous speeches and vowed to fight Russian troops in the air, sea and on the streets.


11)  Asia Cup 2022 shifted from Sri Lanka to the UAE

•As informed by the Asian Cricket Council (ACC), the Asia Cup 2022 will now be held in United Arab Emirates (UAE). Earlier this event was scheduled to take place in Sri Lanka. However, due to the economic crisis in the island nation, the tournament has been shifted to UAE. But the hosting rights of the game will still remain with Sri Lanka. The tournament will be held from August 27 to September 11, 2022, in the T20 format. This is the second consecutive time that the tournament will be played in the UAE.


•The Asia Cup, last held in 2018, will be played in T20 format this time and serve as preparation for the World Cup in October. It will start with a qualifying round of matches between UAE, Kuwait, Singapore and Hong Kong. The winner will go on to the main tournament and play Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.


12)  22nd Commonwealth Games kicks off at Birmingham, UK

•The 22nd edition of the Commonwealth Games kicked off with a glitzy opening ceremony at the Alexander Stadium in Birmingham, United Kingdom. The Prince of Wales, reading out from the Queen’s letter, declares the Games open. A total of 72 teams took part in the parade into Birmingham’s Alexander Stadium. PV Sindhu and Manpreet Singh were India’s flag-bearers at the parade of the CWG opening ceremony.
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Only IAS Prahaar Post Independent India Mains Notes 2022 PDF

13:06

Only IAS Prahaar Post Independent India Mains Notes 2022 PDF

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The HINDU Notes – 29th July 2022

12:53

 


📰 Is the Environmental Performance Index really faulty?

While the methodology has issues, this is an opportunity for India to study where it stands

•Last month, India protested against its ranking on the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) of 2022, prepared by researchers at the Yale and Columbia Universities in the U.S. The report measures 40 performance indicators across 11 categories to measure the “state of sustainability around the world.” India was ranked last (180) with low scores across a range of indicators. The Indian Government as well as environment experts have pointed to the faulty methodology of the index that skews the results in favour of the Global North. Chandra Bhushan, Sharad Lele and Anant Sudarshan discuss the report in a conversation moderated by Sonikka Loganathan. Edited excerpts:

What are the issues with the methodology?

•Chandra Bhushan: Rating by its very nature is a subjective exercise. But a good rating is one that tries to reduce subjectivity, normalises all indicators, and then develops consensus around the subjective issues. The first step is to remove subjectivity as much as possible. Every rating will end up comparing apples with oranges, if you don’t normalise the indicators. So, the second step is to normalise indicators. Third, if there is subjectivity, you get experts to generate consensus around it. All three have not been done.

But this was a peer-reviewed study...

•CB: I’m not sure what kind of peer review was done because, if you look at the indicators, even a person with basic knowledge of ratings would tell you that the indicators have not been normalised.
Can you give us an example of where this lack of normalisation has impacted India’s rank in a category?

•CB: EPI has used tree cover loss as an indicator to rate deforestation in a country. Eritrea is the best country [as per the ranking]. The total dense forest cover in Eritrea is only about 50 hectares, which is similar to forest cover in one part of Lutyens’ Delhi. How do you compare absolute tree cover loss of a country with 50 ha dense forest with, say, India with millions of ha of dense forest and a tree cover loss of 1 lakh ha?

Is a rating the right way to be measuring environmental progress? What do you think of the government’s response?

•Sharad Lele: There is a difference between an index and a ranking. Indices have very limited value, even if you make them absolute, because they collapse the hugely complex issue of environment into one number. But relative ranking is useless. For example, you could have all countries between seven and nine out of 10. Some country will still end up at 180 because it is at 7.0 whereas others are 7.1 and above. What does that tell you about environment performance? Nothing.

•Now the government, instead of responding and quibbling about details, could have used this occasion to call for a meeting of people within the country who follow these issues, to ask questions about where we are, and put out maybe our own performance index in a much more nuanced manner that tells us something about where we are with respect to, say, five or 10 years ago.

•Anant Sudarshan: The EPI has a large data set with a huge amount of information on a whole range of indicators. This is more than just an exercise of coming up with one number— it’s a data collection exercise on a whole range of indicators. Certainly, it would be nice if something similar were produced by our Government. Nevertheless, if you look at every single one of the indicators you’ll find that India does quite badly on most. This shouldn’t come as a surprise to most environmentalists. The point of a rating like this is that it puts together a lot of data and it reminds us that things are not going well on a wide range of environmental outcomes in India.

•CB: I also want us to understand how this rating was released and what message it gave out. Its message was: if you are big, if you are middle income or a poor country, if you are in Asia or Africa, you are bad environmentally. But if you are a rich country, you consume a lot, but your local environment is clean, you are the best in the world. I don’t think that’s right. If you want to solve environmental problems, consumption is what you attack. While recognising that India has problems, I am not willing to accept that the West is the paragon of environmental performance.

•SL: Ideally, in an EPI, you would look at outcomes. But in reality, you have very limited data on actual outcomes, so you start using proxies like actions taken towards those outcomes. The main indicator of climate change performance is whether the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is increasing or decreasing. We all know it is increasing. The world is doing terribly on climate change. How do you allocate this global performance index on climate change, or this outcome variable, to different countries? You would see who are the biggest polluters, and, on a per capita basis, it’s the Global North. Similarly, if biodiversity is construed to be a global common good and if a country has wiped out its biodiversity, why should it be getting higher marks because it then added one more protected area?
Speaking of biodiversity, how is Brazil ranked much higher than India, despite deforestation in the Amazon rainforest?

•SL: If you want to measure biodiversity performance, you would see how the biodiversity was last year and whether it has changed this year. Then you would ask whether there are flagship species that you could use as an indicator. Instead, the entire focus of the EPI is on habitat. With some combination of percentage and absolute values, you have the West doing well and South Asia doing badly. There’s a problem because habitat is being measured in terms of what percentage of the country is under protection. Brazil could be doing well because it’s a big country with a relatively low population density where a significant percentage is under protected area. But in a densely populated country like India, you are not going to be able to put a high proportion of area under strict protection.

India puts out the State of Forest report. But the definition of a forest is ever-changing, which is why India has seen an increase in forest cover, as per those reports. Can you contextualise this issue?

•SL: You used the word forest cover. The EPI uses the word tree cover. Therein lies the story of how India itself is playing around with this issue. We have not asked why we care about forest cover. There are different answers to this, but if you focus on the carbon sequestration benefits of forests, you wouldn’t care whether it is palm or eucalyptus or a natural species which is endemic to India, because it’s all carbon. On the other hand, if you care about biodiversity, you would want to look at forests as an association of species which are part of this landscape and not just a random species planted for the sake of making the place look green. So, why we care about forest cover determines what we measure. To take another angle, if you are a local person who is dependent on forest for livelihood, you would prefer an open canopy forest, and may be trimming the trees to get firewood without cutting down the whole tree. In that case, you would see very little tree crown cover, which is what the Forest Survey of India measures through satellites. So, when the EPI looks at tree cover, they are falling into the same trap. Should they look at tree cover or should they look at forest cover, which means natural forests? In the Indian context, this matters because natural forest cover has gone down, while plantations have increased, revealing the fault lines in this issue.

One solution we’ve seen grow in popularity is tree planting. Is this actually effective?

•CB: Planting trees has become like atoning your environmental sin. This is a very dangerous solution to the kind of environmental problems we have, because we are forgetting the role of different ecosystems.

•AS: One thing that is dangerous is letting only the government define the metrics it will use to measure success without independent scientific scrutiny. In India we’ve had this massive increase in what is called forest cover, which is all driven by plantations, while natural forests are dropping. In this indicator, EPI is using tree cover loss from satellite data, so India is doing better on this than it should by some metrics. But at least it’s a data point that’s being independently collected and that’s similar across countries. The criticism of Brazil for tree cover loss and thepraise of the Indian government for “forest gain” are really two different things. One is the rainforest disappearing there and one is plantations being added here. That’s a place where an independent index helps, because if we can agree on the indicators, we can get an objective basis of measurement.

•SL: There is a funny contradiction here. When it came to biodiversity, because you couldn’t measure the outcome very well, you put a lot of emphasis on process and said protected areas is the way to get to biodiversity conservation. When it comes to ecosystem services it is also well acknowledged that local community involvement and people’s rights is actually a better way to achieve sustainable enhancement of ecosystem services of all these areas. So how come there is no measure on how much you have decentralised rights over trees or forests, in local communities? If you took that as an indicator, we would be a real laggard in spite of having the Forest Rights Act of 2006.

India ranked 179 in air quality. How do we solve this?

•AS: We have failed to control air pollution so far. This is where these indices are useful. It’s not useful to compare India with London, but you could compare India with other countries at the same income level and the same population density, and there are many countries that are doing better. Once we notice this, we can ask, why are we doing worse? A large part of it is regulation. Ultimately air pollution is the sort of problem that gets solved through economy-wide regulation.

•CB: I agree that there is a regulatory problem with air pollution, but there is also a fundamental problem with the economy. No country has been able to solve air pollution without getting rid of biomass or solid fuel. India combusts around 2.2 billion tonnes of material, of which 1.6 billion tonnes are coal and biomass. Biomass is a problem of poverty and coal is the problem of energy access. The way India will reduce its air pollution is also the way it will solve its climate challenge. The reason why India will not be able to resolve a lot of its air pollution challenge is because of its energy mix. For example, tomorrow, if all the vehicles move to electric vehicles, we will be able to reduce air pollution, cumulatively, by 20%, but 80% of the problem will not be solved.

In preparation for the upcoming COP 27, what should India be doing, especially since we’ve seen an increased coal production target?

•CB: The Russia-Ukraine crisis could have been an opportunity for all of us to start investing massively in renewable energy. But fossil fuel companies have used this short-term deficit in energy supply as an opportunity to open new fossil fuel establishments. In India, fossil fuel consumption is going to increase in the short term. If we are smart, we will try and peak coal as quickly as possible. That would be our roadmap.

📰 Govt. worried about teen pregnancies
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THE HINDU NEWSPAPER IMPORTANT ARTICLES 29.07.2022

07:30
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Thursday, July 28, 2022

Daily Current Affairs, 28th July 2022

19:33

 


1)  World Hepatitis Day 2022 observed globally on 28th July

•World Hepatitis Day is observed each year on 28 July to raise awareness of viral hepatitis, which causes inflammation of the liver that leads to severe disease and liver cancer. This day is an opportunity to step up national and international efforts on hepatitis, encourage actions and engagement by individuals, partners and the public and highlight the need for a greater global response as outlined in the WHO’s Global hepatitis report of 2017.


•On World Hepatitis Day 2022, WHO is highlighting the need for bringing hepatitis care closer to the primary health facilities and communities so that people have better access to treatment and care, no matter what type of hepatitis they may have.


World Hepatitis Day 2022: Theme


•The theme for world hepatitis day 2022 is ‘Bringing hepatitis care closer to you.’ The main theme is to focus on raising awareness of the need to make hepatitis care more accessible.


2)  Haryana CM Manohar Lal Khattar launched ‘Smart E-Beat’ system for Gurugram police

•Haryana Chief Minister, Manohar Lal Khattar has launched an app-based ‘Smart E-Beat’ system for police attendance and real-time monitoring of patrolling by personnel in Gurugram. CM Khattar launched the system at an event at the office of the Commissioner of Police and flagged off 119 motorcycle police riders connected with it. The app-based system has been introduced in Gurugram under the Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) and it will help these policemen to mark their attendance and in the monitoring of their rides.


3)  India’s first all women-run cooperative bank coming up in Rajasthan

•The first all-women-run financial institution in the cooperative sector is coming soon in Rajasthan following a memorandum of understanding (MoU) has signed with the Telangana government’s Stree Nidhi Credit Cooperative Federation. The new body will promote women’s empowerment by supporting their enterprises.


•The Rajasthan Mahila Nidhi will be set up on the lines of the Stree Nidhi of Telangana. The MoU was signed between Rajasthan Grameen Ajeevika Vikas Parishad’s (Rajeevika) Mission Director Manju Rajpal and Stree Nidhi Managing Director G. Vidya Sagar Reddy in the presence of Rural Development Minister Ramesh Chand Meena.


4)  iDEX-DIO of Ministry of Defence signs its 100th contract for innovation

•iDEX inked its 100th contract with Pacify Medical Technologies Pvt Ltd in New Delhi. The initiative iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence), described as the Ministry of Defence’s (MoD) centrepiece for technical innovation, was introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in April 2018. The purpose of iDEX was to support start-ups by giving them a venue for co-creation and co-development in the fields of defence and aerospace technologies.


5)  Union Cabinet adopts a $1.6 billion BSNL revitalization plan

•Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw, the Union Minister of Railways, Communications, Electronics and Information Technology, said that the Union Cabinet approved the Rs. 1.64 lakh crore revival package for Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Package announced by the government in 2019 has contributed to stabilising BSNL’s financial situation. The loss of clients has come to an end.


6)  Roshni Nadar retained as India’s richest woman for 2nd year in a row

•HCL Technologies’ Chairperson, Roshni Nadar Malhotra has retained her position as the richest woman in India, for the second year in a row according to the third edition of ‘Kotak Private Banking Hurun – Leading Wealthy Women List’. The total net worth of Roshni Nadar stood at Rs 84,330 crore. Roshni Nadar was followed by Nykaa-owner Falguni Nayar, overtaking Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw of Biocon, with a total wealth of Rs 57,520 crore. Falguni Nayar is the world’s tenth richest self-made woman.


•The report highlighted that 25 new faces have made it to the list. The other key highlights of the report include that the average wealth of women in 2021 went up to Rs 4,170 crore as against Rs 2,725 crore in the last edition of the list.


7)  Anurag Thakur released books showcasing pictures of President Kovind his predecessors

•Union Information and Broadcasting Minister Anurag Thakur has released three books showcasing some of the rarest photographs of outgoing President Ram Nath Kovind and his predecessors. The books were released during a function at the Rashtrapati Bhavan and their first copies were presented to President Ramnath Kovind in the presence of president-elect Droupadi Murmu, Vice President M Venkaiah Naidu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi.


8)  PV Sindhu named India’s flagbearer for 2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games

•Ace India badminton player P.V. Sindhu has been chosen as the flagbearer of the Indian contingent for the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games 2022. The opening ceremony will be held on July 28, 2022, at Alexander Stadium in Birmingham. She was the flag-bearer at the opening ceremony of the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast, where she won silver in the women’s singles event.


•Olympic champion Neeraj Chopra, who was also the defending champion in the Commonwealth Games having won the gold in Gold Coast four years ago, was expected to be the flag-bearer. But a groin injury following his silver medal at the World Championships forced him to pull out and the Indian Olympic Association picked Sindhu to be the flagbearer from a three-member shortlist. The 2022 edition of the Commonwealth Games has the largest contingent of female athletes in the history of the Games.
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Vision IAS Science & Technology Mains 365 Hindi 2022 PDF

15:11

Vision IAS Science & Technology Mains 365 Hindi 2022 PDF

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IAS Parliament Mainstorming 2022 Internal Security PDF

15:04

IAS Parliament Mainstorming 2022 Internal Security PDF

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The HINDU Notes – 28th July 2022

14:55

 


📰 Centre to amend Warehousing Act

However, the SKM fears it will help corporate houses gain more control

•The Union Food and Public Distribution Ministry has suggested major amendments to the Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act of 2007.

•While the Ministry says that the aim is to help farmers get access to the services of quality warehouses, the Samyukt Kisan Morcha (SKM) fears that the amendments are for bringing back certain provisions of the repealed Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act through the backdoors.

•An official in the Ministry said the amendment is to make registration of godowns compulsory, to raise the penalty for various offences and to do away the jail term as a punishment for the offences.

•At present, registration with the Warehousing Development and Regulation Authority (WDRA) is optional. After the proposed amendment, which is yet to be cleared by the Cabinet, registration of all third party warehouses throughout the country, will be undertaken in a phased manner.

•“Central government will have powers to exempt any class of warehouses from registration with the Authority. This will ensure a gradual and non-disruptive change to a regulated warehousing system,” the official said on Wednesday.

•The WDRA was established in 2010 to ensure scientific storage by prescribing infrastructural and procedural standards. Captive warehouses such as the FCI are excluded from the ambit of the Act.

•The Act wants to establish a system of negotiable and non-negotiable warehouse receipt (NWR), which is now in electronic form.

•The Samyukt Kisan Morcha said the repealed Act had also talked about similar provisions such as electronic trading in transaction platform and freedom for trading at farmgate, cold storage, warehouse and processing units.

•“This time, too, the purpose should be to help some big corporate houses so that they gain even more control over the warehousing and cold storage sector. The direction of every policy of this government is towards that,” said SKM leader Ashok Dhawale.

📰 ‘Replacement level fertility achieved’

31 States and UTs have reached a Total Fertility Rate of 2.1 or less, says Minister

•India has achieved replacement level fertility, with 31 States and Union Territories reaching a Total Fertility Rate (an average number of children per woman) of 2.1 or less, Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare Bharati Pravin Pawar said on Wednesday.

•Speaking at the National Family Planning Summit 2022, the Union Minister said between 2012 and 2020, the country added more than 1.5 crore additional users for modern contraceptives, thereby increasing their use substantially.

•She said government data showed an overall positive shift towards spacing methods that would be instrumental in impacting positively maternal and infant mortality and morbidity.

‘A paradigm shift’

•Union Health Secretary Rajesh Bhushan said the Family Planning Programme in India was now over seven decades old, and in this period, the country had witnessed a paradigm shift from the concept of population control to population stabilisation to interventions being embedded toward ensuring harmony of continuum care.

•“Although India has achieved replacement level fertility, there is still a significant population in the reproductive age group that must remain at the centre of our intervention efforts. India’s focus has traditionally been on the supply side, the providers and delivery systems but now it’s time to focus on the demand side which includes family, community and society. Significant change is possible with this focus, instead of an incremental change,” Mr. Bhushan noted.

📰 The poor state of India’s fiscal federalism
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THE HINDU NEWSPAPER IMPORTANT ARTICLES 28.07.2022

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